A Conceptual Model for Adoption and Diffusion Process of A New Product

In the past several years, researchers have started to notice successful products whose sales patterns show rapidly declining diffusion patterns. These products include certain movies, computer software, TV game software, music CDs, etc. (e.g., Windows95 (up grade version), Final Fantasy, Terminator 2; Sawhney and Eliashberg 1996, Yamada et al. 1997, Moe and Fader 1998). These declining diffusion patterns have been rather neglected in the field of marketing (Bass 1969) because they were regarded as being peculiar to unsuccessful products, even though before Bass (1969), Fourt and Woodlock (1960) predicted first purchases of grocery products by an exponential model and in theory Lekvall and Wahlbin (1973) raised the possibility of various diffusion patterns from a bell-shaped one (logistic model) to a rapidly declining one (modified exponential model) using a mixed model similar to the Bass diffusion model. Also after Bass (1969), Gatignon and Robertson (1985) discussed the same possibility with 29 propositions. Generally speaking, however, there were no such studies that include rapidly declining diffusion patterns until recently except for the above studies (e.g., Sawhney and Eliashberg 1996; Yamada et al. 1997; Moe and Fader 1998). However, the relative importance of the entertainment industry or contents industry and IT-related industry has become greater due to the growth of the "networked" society. We believe that it is time to take a closer look at these products showing rapidly declining diffusion patterns from product classification and diffusion theory points of view. Establishing a conceptual model of adoption and diffusion process of a new product, we proposed the third "high involvement" adoption model. We call such a product as an eagerly wanted product and define it as anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy an eager want or need. Then we establish operational hypotheses to test the conceptual hypothesis that an eagerly wanted product should take a rapidly declining diffusion pattern from the beginning. We tested the following operational hypotheses on sales patterns of 254 new popular music CDs including albums and singles sold in one of the national chains of convenience stores in Japan. Common practice of music CD consumers in Japan is that they first rent single CDs and then buy albums. H1: A popular music album CD is an eagerly wanted product, that is, its diffusion pattern is rapidly declining. H2: The fraction of rapidly declining diffusion patterns for album CDs is greater than that for single CDs. H3: Sales pattern of a new singer's debut single CD does not take a rapidly declining diffusion pattern. H4: The sales pattern of a debut single of a new group or a singer produced through a well-designed process is a rapidly declining one. We also tested sales patterns of new products of beer and low malt liquor as additional evidence to H2 and H3, because new beer products may be anticipated through promotional efforts but may not be awaited as eagerly as CD albums. We obtained favorable results on all four hypotheses. As an implication of this study, a set of strategies for product development and introduction for an eagerly wanted product is proposed: (1) One should let consumers be involved from the development stage (the outset); for example (a) the ASAYAN project of TV Tokyo (see Section 4.2); (b) the use of famous artists, movie stars, and directors; (c) creating a series etc. (2) Before the introduction of a new product, its promotion and publicity should be done as intensively and widely as possible in the target market. Use media mix, etc. (3) The initial price should be set at the most reasonable level possible or free if possible. (4) To obtain a large potential market quickly, make as many business alliances as possible.Innovation diffusion process, Product classification, Diffusion pattern classification, Popular music CDs,

Discharge Coeffi cient of a Sluice Gate Placed at Sudden Expansion of Open Channel

In this paper the discharge coefficient of a sluice gate placed at the sudden expansion of an open channel is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Lateral and vertical expansions are treated in the study. The coefficients obtained for channels with sudden expansion are compared with those for the straight channel. For free efflux, experimental results show that the coeffcients for expanded channels are always larger than those for a straiaht one,and that the coefficient for a channel to be fully expanded to both lateral and vertical directions takes about 1.2 times larger value than that for a straight one. For submerged efflux, the coefficient is obtained theoretically by using the efflux model shown in this study. The theoretical results explain the experimental ones fairly well. The coefficient for lateral expansion is always smaller than that for a straight channel. The minimum downstream water depth required to submerged efflux for the expanded channels becomes smaller than that for a straight channel

Temporal shape super-resolution by intra-frame motion encoding using high-fps structured light

One of the solutions of depth imaging of moving scene is to project a static pattern on the object and use just a single image for reconstruction. However, if the motion of the object is too fast with respect to the exposure time of the image sensor, patterns on the captured image are blurred and reconstruction fails. In this paper, we impose multiple projection patterns into each single captured image to realize temporal super resolution of the depth image sequences. With our method, multiple patterns are projected onto the object with higher fps than possible with a camera. In this case, the observed pattern varies depending on the depth and motion of the object, so we can extract temporal information of the scene from each single image. The decoding process is realized using a learning-based approach where no geometric calibration is needed. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of our method where sequential shapes are reconstructed from a single image. Both quantitative evaluations and comparisons with recent techniques were also conducted.Comment: 9 pages, Published at the International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2017

Role of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe F-box DNA helicase in processing recombination intermediates.

In an effort to identify novel genes involved in recombination repair, we isolated fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and a synthetic lethal with rad2. A gene that complements such mutations was isolated from the S. pombe genomic library, and subsequent analysis identified it as the fbh1 gene encoding the F-box DNA helicase, which is conserved in mammals but not conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An fbh1 deletion mutant is moderately sensitive to UV, MMS, and ¿ rays. The rhp51 (RAD51 ortholog) mutation is epistatic to fbh1. fbh1 is essential for viability in stationary-phase cells and in the absence of either Srs2 or Rqh1 DNA helicase. In each case, lethality is suppressed by deletion of the recombination gene rhp57. These results suggested that fbh1 acts downstream of rhp51 and rhp57. Following UV irradiation or entry into the stationary phase, nuclear chromosomal domains of the fbh1¿ mutant shrank, and accumulation of some recombination intermediates was suggested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Focus formation of Fbh1 protein was induced by treatment that damages DNA. Thus, the F-box DNA helicase appears to process toxic recombination intermediates, the formation of which is dependent on the function of Rhp51